{"id":23881,"date":"2026-09-10T15:42:35","date_gmt":"2026-09-10T15:42:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/magic\/"},"modified":"2026-09-10T15:42:35","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T15:42:35","slug":"magic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/magic\/","title":{"rendered":"Magic"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Research update on compute-efficient pretraining and scaling to trillion-parameter models.<\/p>\n<div>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">Frontier pretraining is said to be a big-lab-only game. We don\u2019t have 100k chips yet, so there\u2019s only one way: algorithmic efficiency. After compounding for \u2026 a while \u2026, our pretraining recipe is now &gt;10x more compute-efficient than that of leading open-weight base models.<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">We match DeepSeek V4 Pro Base using ~50x fewer FLOPs \u2013 that\u2019s around half of GPT3\u2019s pretraining compute, or ~$0.5M on GB200. We continued scaling 10x (~$4M) and meaningfully outperformed all publicly available open base models on perplexity evals. By the scaling laws in Figure 1, training a model this capable would cost &gt;$100M under DeepSeek V4 Pro\u2019s recipe (and this is ignoring how much data exists). Of course, we won\u2019t stop scaling there.<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">We believe pretraining, agentic RL, and long-context are sufficient to build superhuman coding agents and automate AI R&amp;D. We started with <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/magic.dev\/blog\/100m-token-context-windows\">long-context<\/a>. Today\u2019s blog post is about pretraining.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"my-10\">\n<div class=\"relative left-1\/2 flex w-full max-w-[1400px] -translate-x-1\/2 flex-col items-center sm:w-[calc(100vw-2rem)]\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full justify-center gap-3\"><span class=\"font-monospace text-[10px] uppercase tracking-[0.16em] text-gray-12 hidden rotate-180 self-center [writing-mode:vertical-rl] sm:block\">bits per byte (lower is better)<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col items-center sm:w-auto\">\n<div class=\"grid w-full max-w-[1400px] grid-cols-1 gap-x-8 gap-y-8 sm:grid-cols-3\">\n<figure class=\"relative m-0 w-full min-w-0\"><figcaption class=\"mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"flex min-w-0 items-baseline gap-1.5\"><span class=\"display-settings truncate font-display font-medium tracking-[-0.01em] text-gray-12 text-sm\" title=\"Private Code Repos\">Private Code Repos<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 self-center\"><button type=\"button\" aria-label=\"What's in this eval\" class=\"flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center rounded-full text-[10px] font-semibold text-gray-9 ring-1 ring-gray-a5 hover:text-gray-12 hover:ring-gray-a8\">i<\/button><\/span><\/figcaption><svg width=\"100%\" viewbox=\"0 0 250 250\" class=\"block\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Private Code Repos: bits per byte vs. training compute\" aria-describedby=\"_R_5i7cktbsnpfdb_\"><desc id=\"_R_5i7cktbsnpfdb_\">Lower bits per byte is better. Training compute is in FLOPs on a logarithmic axis.<!-- --> The curve fits our current recipe; the dashed segment is a projection beyond the largest run.<\/desc><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"226\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.185<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"173\" y2=\"173\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"173\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.204<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"120\" y2=\"120\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.223<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"67\" y2=\"67\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"67\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.242<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"14\" y2=\"14\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"14\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.261<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"41.25\" x2=\"41.25\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"41.25\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">21<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"89.94\" x2=\"89.94\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"89.94\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">22<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"138.63\" x2=\"138.63\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"138.63\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">23<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"187.31\" x2=\"187.31\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"187.31\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">24<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"236\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"236\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">25<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><polyline points=\"36.0,22.9 40.1,32.9 44.3,42.4 48.4,51.5 52.6,60.2 56.7,68.4 60.9,76.3 65.0,83.7 69.2,90.8 73.3,97.6 77.5,104.0 81.6,110.2 85.7,116.0 89.9,121.5 94.0,126.8 98.2,131.9 102.3,136.7 106.5,141.2 110.6,145.6 114.8,149.7 118.9,153.7 123.0,157.4 127.2,161.0 131.3,164.4 135.5,167.6 139.6,170.7 143.8,173.6 147.9,176.4 152.1,179.1 156.2,181.6 160.3,184.0 164.5,186.3 168.6,188.5 172.8,190.5 176.9,192.5 181.1,194.4 185.2,196.2 189.3,197.9 193.5,199.5 197.6,201.1\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"197.6,201.1 198.6,201.4 199.6,201.8 200.6,202.1 201.6,202.5 202.6,202.8 203.5,203.1 204.5,203.5 205.5,203.8 206.5,204.1 207.5,204.4 208.5,204.8 209.4,205.1 210.4,205.4 211.4,205.7 212.4,206.0 213.4,206.3 214.4,206.6 215.3,206.9 216.3,207.2 217.3,207.4 218.3,207.7 219.3,208.0 220.3,208.3 221.3,208.6 222.2,208.8 223.2,209.1 224.2,209.3 225.2,209.6 226.2,209.9 227.2,210.1 228.1,210.4 229.1,210.6 230.1,210.9 231.1,211.1 232.1,211.3 233.1,211.6 234.0,211.8 235.0,212.1 236.0,212.3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/><polygon points=\"207.11,162.98 211.86,167.73 207.11,172.48 202.36,167.73\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Flash: 0.206 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><rect x=\"231.48999999999998\" y=\"176.08999999999997\" width=\"7.6\" height=\"7.6\" fill=\"#2b2e35\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Pro: 0.202 bpb<\/title><\/rect><polygon points=\"210.19,164.38 214.75,172.35999999999999 205.63,172.35999999999999\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Kimi K2: 0.205 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><polygon points=\"227.21,179.75 231.77,171.77 222.65,171.77\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Nemotron 3 Ultra: 0.203 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><circle cx=\"50.66\" cy=\"56.4\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e21: 0.246 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"92.34\" cy=\"124.01\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e22: 0.222 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"148.3\" cy=\"177.65\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e23: 0.202 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"197.64\" cy=\"200.56\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e24: 0.194 bpb<\/title><\/circle><g><line x1=\"207.11\" x2=\"135.64\" y1=\"167.73\" y2=\"167.73\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M132.64,164.73 L138.64,170.73 M132.64,170.73 L138.64,164.73\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"235.29\" x2=\"153.39\" y1=\"179.89\" y2=\"179.89\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M150.39,176.89 L156.39,182.89 M150.39,182.89 L156.39,176.89\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"210.19\" x2=\"137.5\" y1=\"169.13\" y2=\"169.13\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M134.5,166.13 L140.5,172.13 M134.5,172.13 L140.5,166.13\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"227.21\" x2=\"145.79\" y1=\"175\" y2=\"175\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M142.79,172 L148.79,178 M142.79,178 L148.79,172\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,15 116,19.5 111.5,24 107,19.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"23\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">29x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"23\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Flash<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><rect x=\"107.9\" y=\"28.9\" width=\"7.2\" height=\"7.2\" fill=\"#2b2e35\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">48x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"36\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Pro<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,41 115.82,48.56 107.18,48.56\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">31x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"49\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Kimi K2<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,63 115.82,55.44 107.18,55.44\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">47x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"62\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Nemotron 3 Ultra<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"relative m-0 w-full min-w-0\"><figcaption class=\"mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"flex min-w-0 items-baseline gap-1.5\"><span class=\"display-settings truncate font-display font-medium tracking-[-0.01em] text-gray-12 text-sm\" title=\"Heldout Research Papers\">Heldout Research Papers<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 self-center\"><button type=\"button\" aria-label=\"What's in this eval\" class=\"flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center rounded-full text-[10px] font-semibold text-gray-9 ring-1 ring-gray-a5 hover:text-gray-12 hover:ring-gray-a8\">i<\/button><\/span><\/figcaption><svg width=\"100%\" viewbox=\"0 0 250 250\" class=\"block\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Heldout Research Papers: bits per byte vs. training compute\" aria-describedby=\"_R_9i7cktbsnpfdb_\"><desc id=\"_R_9i7cktbsnpfdb_\">Lower bits per byte is better. Training compute is in FLOPs on a logarithmic axis.<!-- --> The curve fits our current recipe; the dashed segment is a projection beyond the largest run.<\/desc><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"226\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.36<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"173\" y2=\"173\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"173\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.41<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"120\" y2=\"120\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.46<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"67\" y2=\"67\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"67\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.52<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"14\" y2=\"14\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"14\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.57<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"41.25\" x2=\"41.25\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"41.25\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">21<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"89.94\" x2=\"89.94\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"89.94\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">22<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"138.63\" x2=\"138.63\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"138.63\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">23<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"187.31\" x2=\"187.31\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"187.31\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">24<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"236\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"236\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">25<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><polyline points=\"36.0,25.2 40.1,34.4 44.3,43.3 48.4,51.7 52.6,59.8 56.7,67.6 60.9,75.0 65.0,82.1 69.2,88.9 73.3,95.4 77.5,101.6 81.6,107.5 85.7,113.2 89.9,118.7 94.0,123.9 98.2,128.9 102.3,133.7 106.5,138.2 110.6,142.6 114.8,146.8 118.9,150.8 123.0,154.6 127.2,158.3 131.3,161.8 135.5,165.2 139.6,168.4 143.8,171.4 147.9,174.4 152.1,177.2 156.2,179.9 160.3,182.5 164.5,184.9 168.6,187.3 172.8,189.6 176.9,191.7 181.1,193.8 185.2,195.8 189.3,197.7 193.5,199.5 197.6,201.2\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"197.6,201.2 198.6,201.6 199.6,202.0 200.6,202.4 201.6,202.8 202.6,203.2 203.5,203.6 204.5,203.9 205.5,204.3 206.5,204.7 207.5,205.1 208.5,205.4 209.4,205.8 210.4,206.1 211.4,206.5 212.4,206.8 213.4,207.2 214.4,207.5 215.3,207.8 216.3,208.2 217.3,208.5 218.3,208.8 219.3,209.1 220.3,209.5 221.3,209.8 222.2,210.1 223.2,210.4 224.2,210.7 225.2,211.0 226.2,211.3 227.2,211.6 228.1,211.9 229.1,212.2 230.1,212.5 231.1,212.8 232.1,213.0 233.1,213.3 234.0,213.6 235.0,213.9 236.0,214.1\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/><polygon points=\"207.11,163.54 211.86,168.29 207.11,173.04 202.36,168.29\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Flash: 0.415 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><rect x=\"231.48999999999998\" y=\"175.29999999999998\" width=\"7.6\" height=\"7.6\" fill=\"#2b2e35\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Pro: 0.404 bpb<\/title><\/rect><polygon points=\"210.19,157.15 214.75,165.13 205.63,165.13\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Kimi K2: 0.421 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><polygon points=\"227.21,182 231.77,174.02 222.65,174.02\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Nemotron 3 Ultra: 0.406 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><circle cx=\"50.66\" cy=\"56.4\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e21: 0.527 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"92.34\" cy=\"120.79\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e22: 0.463 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"148.3\" cy=\"176.03\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e23: 0.407 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"197.64\" cy=\"200.56\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e24: 0.383 bpb<\/title><\/circle><g><line x1=\"207.11\" x2=\"139.5\" y1=\"168.29\" y2=\"168.29\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M136.5,165.29 L142.5,171.29 M136.5,171.29 L142.5,165.29\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"235.29\" x2=\"154.94\" y1=\"179.1\" y2=\"179.1\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M151.94,176.1 L157.94,182.1 M151.94,182.1 L157.94,176.1\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"210.19\" x2=\"131.44\" y1=\"161.9\" y2=\"161.9\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M128.44,158.9 L134.44,164.9 M128.44,164.9 L134.44,158.9\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"227.21\" x2=\"152.11\" y1=\"177.25\" y2=\"177.25\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M149.11,174.25 L155.11,180.25 M149.11,180.25 L155.11,174.25\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,15 116,19.5 111.5,24 107,19.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"23\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">24x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"23\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Flash<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><rect x=\"107.9\" y=\"28.9\" width=\"7.2\" height=\"7.2\" fill=\"#2b2e35\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">45x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"36\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Pro<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,41 115.82,48.56 107.18,48.56\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">41x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"49\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Kimi K2<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,63 115.82,55.44 107.18,55.44\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">35x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"62\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Nemotron 3 Ultra<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"relative m-0 w-full min-w-0\"><figcaption class=\"mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"flex min-w-0 items-baseline gap-1.5\"><span class=\"display-settings truncate font-display font-medium tracking-[-0.01em] text-gray-12 text-sm\" title=\"Reasoning on heldout math problems\">Reasoning on heldout math problems<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 self-center\"><button type=\"button\" aria-label=\"What's in this eval\" class=\"flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center rounded-full text-[10px] font-semibold text-gray-9 ring-1 ring-gray-a5 hover:text-gray-12 hover:ring-gray-a8\">i<\/button><\/span><\/figcaption><svg width=\"100%\" viewbox=\"0 0 250 250\" class=\"block\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Reasoning on heldout math problems: bits per byte vs. training compute\" aria-describedby=\"_R_di7cktbsnpfdb_\"><desc id=\"_R_di7cktbsnpfdb_\">Lower bits per byte is better. Training compute is in FLOPs on a logarithmic axis.<!-- --> The curve fits our current recipe; the dashed segment is a projection beyond the largest run.<\/desc><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"226\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.53<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"173\" y2=\"173\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"173\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.64<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"120\" y2=\"120\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.76<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"67\" y2=\"67\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"67\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.87<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"14\" y2=\"14\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"14\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.98<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"41.25\" x2=\"41.25\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"41.25\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">21<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"89.94\" x2=\"89.94\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"89.94\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">22<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"138.63\" x2=\"138.63\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"138.63\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">23<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"187.31\" x2=\"187.31\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"187.31\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">24<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"236\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"236\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">25<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><polyline points=\"36.0,29.8 40.1,37.5 44.3,44.9 48.4,52.1 52.6,59.0 56.7,65.7 60.9,72.2 65.0,78.5 69.2,84.6 73.3,90.5 77.5,96.2 81.6,101.8 85.7,107.1 89.9,112.3 94.0,117.3 98.2,122.2 102.3,126.9 106.5,131.4 110.6,135.8 114.8,140.1 118.9,144.2 123.0,148.2 127.2,152.0 131.3,155.8 135.5,159.4 139.6,162.9 143.8,166.3 147.9,169.5 152.1,172.7 156.2,175.8 160.3,178.8 164.5,181.6 168.6,184.4 172.8,187.1 176.9,189.7 181.1,192.3 185.2,194.7 189.3,197.1 193.5,199.3 197.6,201.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"197.6,201.6 198.6,202.1 199.6,202.6 200.6,203.1 201.6,203.6 202.6,204.1 203.5,204.6 204.5,205.1 205.5,205.6 206.5,206.1 207.5,206.5 208.5,207.0 209.4,207.5 210.4,207.9 211.4,208.4 212.4,208.9 213.4,209.3 214.4,209.8 215.3,210.3 216.3,210.7 217.3,211.1 218.3,211.6 219.3,212.0 220.3,212.4 221.3,212.9 222.2,213.3 223.2,213.7 224.2,214.2 225.2,214.6 226.2,215.0 227.2,215.4 228.1,215.8 229.1,216.2 230.1,216.6 231.1,217.0 232.1,217.4 233.1,217.8 234.0,218.2 235.0,218.6 236.0,219.0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/><polygon points=\"207.11,137.26 211.86,142.01 207.11,146.76 202.36,142.01\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Flash: 0.710 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><rect x=\"231.48999999999998\" y=\"153.25\" width=\"7.6\" height=\"7.6\" fill=\"#2b2e35\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Pro: 0.678 bpb<\/title><\/rect><polygon points=\"210.19,144.48 214.75,152.45999999999998 205.63,152.45999999999998\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Kimi K2: 0.695 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><polygon points=\"227.21,189.89 231.77,181.91 222.65,181.91\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Nemotron 3 Ultra: 0.619 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><circle cx=\"50.66\" cy=\"56.4\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e21: 0.890 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"92.34\" cy=\"113.48\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e22: 0.770 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"148.3\" cy=\"172.07\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e23: 0.647 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"197.64\" cy=\"200.56\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e24: 0.587 bpb<\/title><\/circle><g><line x1=\"207.11\" x2=\"116.7\" y1=\"142.01\" y2=\"142.01\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M113.7,139.01 L119.7,145.01 M113.7,145.01 L119.7,139.01\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"235.29\" x2=\"132.79\" y1=\"157.05\" y2=\"157.05\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M129.79,154.05 L135.79,160.05 M129.79,160.05 L135.79,154.05\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"210.19\" x2=\"124.16\" y1=\"149.23\" y2=\"149.23\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M121.16,146.23 L127.16,152.23 M121.16,152.23 L127.16,146.23\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"227.21\" x2=\"169.73\" y1=\"185.14\" y2=\"185.14\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M166.73,182.14 L172.73,188.14 M166.73,188.14 L172.73,182.14\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,15 116,19.5 111.5,24 107,19.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"23\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">72x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"23\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Flash<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><rect x=\"107.9\" y=\"28.9\" width=\"7.2\" height=\"7.2\" fill=\"#2b2e35\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">127x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"36\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Pro<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,41 115.82,48.56 107.18,48.56\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">58x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"49\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Kimi K2<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,63 115.82,55.44 107.18,55.44\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">15x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"62\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Nemotron 3 Ultra<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>6\u00b7N\u00b7D training FLOPs<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"rsi-figcaption mt-4 [&amp;_.mdx-p]:m-0 [&amp;_.mdx-p]:inline [&amp;_.mdx-p]:text-sm [&amp;_.mdx-p]:leading-snug [&amp;_.mdx-p]:text-gray-11\"><span>Figure <!-- -->1<!-- -->: <!-- -->Pretraining scaling laws against training compute, comparing to leading available open-weight base models<!-- -->.<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\"><sup><a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"#user-content-fn-flops\" id=\"user-content-fnref-flops\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">We measured bits-per-byte loss (a metric that normalizes out differences in tokenizers) on heldout data and fit a <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2203.15556\">scaling law<\/a> to project how much compute is needed to reach a given level of capability. Better training compute efficiency means stronger models at all budgets.<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">We evaluated the latest available open-weight base models<sup><a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"#user-content-fn-base\" id=\"user-content-fnref-base\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">2<\/a><\/sup> from DeepSeek, Moonshot (Kimi), and NVIDIA. Base models for Claude, Gemini, GPT-n, and many others aren\u2019t openly available, but <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2607.24653\">Kimi K3<\/a> and <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/ai.meta.com\/blog\/introducing-muse-spark-msl\/\">Meta\u2019s Muse Spark<\/a> indicate a 2.5x and 3.3x gain over Kimi K2, respectively. We evaluated logprobs for open models in both vLLM and SGLang on both GB200 and GB300 and found <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/vllm-project\/vllm\/issues\/53411\">issues<\/a> with some <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/vllm-project\/vllm\/issues\/54723\">backends<\/a> in the process. For further confirmation, we partnered with <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/fireworks.ai\/\">Fireworks<\/a> to verify baseline logprobs in their in-house inference engine. Since models can learn their training parser\u2019s characteristics, we built our eval sets using a different parser\/OCR than the one our pretraining pipeline uses.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"mdx-h2\">Evaluating generalization<\/h2>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">To measure generalization, we evaluated loss on heldout data (Figure 1). Our code evals consist of our own codebase and private codebases we acquired from other startups. For reasoning evals, we generated CoT and step-by-step walkthroughs to heldout, private math problems using Kimi K3 and filtered for correct answers. For text and research, we used recent, low-citation research papers. We removed vendored OSS code and any document with a matching 96-character window of normalized text or Jaccard similarity above a sensitive threshold compared to our training data.<sup><a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"#user-content-fn-contamination\" id=\"user-content-fnref-contamination\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"mdx-h2\">Evaluating knowledge<\/h2>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">In addition to generalization, we are interested in testing our model\u2019s knowledge in key domains to identify gaps in our dataset. For example, we can decompose our heldout research text eval set by subject.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"my-10\">\n<div class=\"relative left-1\/2 flex w-full max-w-[1400px] -translate-x-1\/2 flex-col items-center sm:w-[calc(100vw-2rem)]\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full justify-center gap-3\"><span class=\"font-monospace text-[10px] uppercase tracking-[0.16em] text-gray-12 hidden rotate-180 self-center [writing-mode:vertical-rl] sm:block\">bits per byte (lower is better)<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col items-center sm:w-auto\">\n<div class=\"grid w-full max-w-[1400px] grid-cols-1 gap-x-8 gap-y-8 sm:grid-cols-4\">\n<figure class=\"relative m-0 w-full min-w-0\"><figcaption class=\"mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"flex min-w-0 items-baseline gap-1.5\"><span class=\"display-settings truncate font-display font-medium tracking-[-0.01em] text-gray-12 text-sm\" title=\"Heldout Computer Science Papers\">Heldout Computer Science Papers<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 self-center\"><button type=\"button\" aria-label=\"What's in this eval\" class=\"flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center rounded-full text-[10px] font-semibold text-gray-9 ring-1 ring-gray-a5 hover:text-gray-12 hover:ring-gray-a8\">i<\/button><\/span><\/figcaption><svg width=\"100%\" viewbox=\"0 0 250 250\" class=\"block\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Heldout Computer Science Papers: bits per byte vs. training compute\" aria-describedby=\"_R_5ilcktbsnpfdb_\"><desc id=\"_R_5ilcktbsnpfdb_\">Lower bits per byte is better. Training compute is in FLOPs on a logarithmic axis.<!-- --> The curve fits our current recipe; the dashed segment is a projection beyond the largest run.<\/desc><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"226\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.37<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"173\" y2=\"173\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"173\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.43<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"120\" y2=\"120\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.48<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"67\" y2=\"67\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"67\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.54<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"14\" y2=\"14\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"14\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.59<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"41.25\" x2=\"41.25\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"41.25\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">21<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"89.94\" x2=\"89.94\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"89.94\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">22<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"138.63\" x2=\"138.63\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"138.63\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">23<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"187.31\" x2=\"187.31\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"187.31\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">24<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"236\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"236\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">25<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><polyline points=\"36.0,24.7 40.1,34.1 44.3,43.1 48.4,51.7 52.6,59.9 56.7,67.7 60.9,75.2 65.0,82.4 69.2,89.2 73.3,95.8 77.5,102.0 81.6,108.0 85.7,113.8 89.9,119.2 94.0,124.5 98.2,129.5 102.3,134.2 106.5,138.8 110.6,143.2 114.8,147.3 118.9,151.3 123.0,155.2 127.2,158.8 131.3,162.3 135.5,165.6 139.6,168.8 143.8,171.9 147.9,174.8 152.1,177.6 156.2,180.2 160.3,182.8 164.5,185.2 168.6,187.5 172.8,189.8 176.9,191.9 181.1,193.9 185.2,195.8 189.3,197.7 193.5,199.5 197.6,201.2\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"197.6,201.2 198.6,201.6 199.6,201.9 200.6,202.3 201.6,202.7 202.6,203.1 203.5,203.5 204.5,203.8 205.5,204.2 206.5,204.6 207.5,204.9 208.5,205.3 209.4,205.6 210.4,205.9 211.4,206.3 212.4,206.6 213.4,207.0 214.4,207.3 215.3,207.6 216.3,207.9 217.3,208.3 218.3,208.6 219.3,208.9 220.3,209.2 221.3,209.5 222.2,209.8 223.2,210.1 224.2,210.4 225.2,210.7 226.2,211.0 227.2,211.3 228.1,211.6 229.1,211.8 230.1,212.1 231.1,212.4 232.1,212.7 233.1,212.9 234.0,213.2 235.0,213.5 236.0,213.7\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/><polygon points=\"207.11,147.4 211.86,152.15 207.11,156.9 202.36,152.15\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Flash: 0.450 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><rect x=\"231.48999999999998\" y=\"160.67\" width=\"7.6\" height=\"7.6\" fill=\"#2b2e35\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Pro: 0.437 bpb<\/title><\/rect><polygon points=\"210.19,138.99 214.75,146.97 205.63,146.97\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Kimi K2: 0.458 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><polygon points=\"227.21,172.06 231.77,164.08 222.65,164.08\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Nemotron 3 Ultra: 0.434 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><circle cx=\"50.66\" cy=\"56.4\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e21: 0.548 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"92.34\" cy=\"121.44\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e22: 0.481 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"148.3\" cy=\"176.3\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e23: 0.425 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"197.64\" cy=\"200.56\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e24: 0.400 bpb<\/title><\/circle><g><line x1=\"207.11\" x2=\"119.75\" y1=\"152.15\" y2=\"152.15\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M116.75,149.15 L122.75,155.15 M116.75,155.15 L122.75,149.15\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"235.29\" x2=\"134.02\" y1=\"164.47\" y2=\"164.47\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M131.02,161.47 L137.02,167.47 M131.02,167.47 L137.02,161.47\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"210.19\" x2=\"111.15\" y1=\"143.74\" y2=\"143.74\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M108.15,140.74 L114.15,146.74 M108.15,146.74 L114.15,140.74\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"227.21\" x2=\"137.64\" y1=\"167.31\" y2=\"167.31\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M134.64,164.31 L140.64,170.31 M134.64,170.31 L140.64,164.31\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,15 116,19.5 111.5,24 107,19.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"23\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">62x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"23\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Flash<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><rect x=\"107.9\" y=\"28.9\" width=\"7.2\" height=\"7.2\" fill=\"#2b2e35\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">120x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"36\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Pro<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,41 115.82,48.56 107.18,48.56\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">108x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"49\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Kimi K2<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,63 115.82,55.44 107.18,55.44\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">69x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"62\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Nemotron 3 Ultra<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"relative m-0 w-full min-w-0\"><figcaption class=\"mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"flex min-w-0 items-baseline gap-1.5\"><span class=\"display-settings truncate font-display font-medium tracking-[-0.01em] text-gray-12 text-sm\" title=\"Heldout Engineering Papers\">Heldout Engineering Papers<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 self-center\"><button type=\"button\" aria-label=\"What's in this eval\" class=\"flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center rounded-full text-[10px] font-semibold text-gray-9 ring-1 ring-gray-a5 hover:text-gray-12 hover:ring-gray-a8\">i<\/button><\/span><\/figcaption><svg width=\"100%\" viewbox=\"0 0 250 250\" class=\"block\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Heldout Engineering Papers: bits per byte vs. training compute\" aria-describedby=\"_R_9ilcktbsnpfdb_\"><desc id=\"_R_9ilcktbsnpfdb_\">Lower bits per byte is better. Training compute is in FLOPs on a logarithmic axis.<!-- --> The curve fits our current recipe; the dashed segment is a projection beyond the largest run.<\/desc><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"226\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.359<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"173\" y2=\"173\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"173\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.409<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"120\" y2=\"120\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.458<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"67\" y2=\"67\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"67\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.507<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"14\" y2=\"14\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"14\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.556<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"41.25\" x2=\"41.25\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"41.25\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">21<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"89.94\" x2=\"89.94\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"89.94\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">22<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"138.63\" x2=\"138.63\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"138.63\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">23<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"187.31\" x2=\"187.31\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"187.31\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">24<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"236\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"236\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">25<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><polyline points=\"36.0,24.5 40.1,34.0 44.3,43.0 48.4,51.7 52.6,59.9 56.7,67.8 60.9,75.4 65.0,82.6 69.2,89.5 73.3,96.0 77.5,102.3 81.6,108.3 85.7,114.1 89.9,119.5 94.0,124.8 98.2,129.8 102.3,134.6 106.5,139.1 110.6,143.5 114.8,147.7 118.9,151.7 123.0,155.5 127.2,159.1 131.3,162.6 135.5,165.9 139.6,169.1 143.8,172.1 147.9,175.0 152.1,177.8 156.2,180.4 160.3,182.9 164.5,185.3 168.6,187.7 172.8,189.9 176.9,192.0 181.1,194.0 185.2,195.9 189.3,197.7 193.5,199.5 197.6,201.2\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"197.6,201.2 198.6,201.6 199.6,201.9 200.6,202.3 201.6,202.7 202.6,203.1 203.5,203.4 204.5,203.8 205.5,204.1 206.5,204.5 207.5,204.8 208.5,205.2 209.4,205.5 210.4,205.9 211.4,206.2 212.4,206.5 213.4,206.9 214.4,207.2 215.3,207.5 216.3,207.8 217.3,208.2 218.3,208.5 219.3,208.8 220.3,209.1 221.3,209.4 222.2,209.7 223.2,210.0 224.2,210.3 225.2,210.6 226.2,210.8 227.2,211.1 228.1,211.4 229.1,211.7 230.1,211.9 231.1,212.2 232.1,212.5 233.1,212.8 234.0,213.0 235.0,213.3 236.0,213.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/><polygon points=\"207.11,163.55 211.86,168.3 207.11,173.05 202.36,168.3\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Flash: 0.413 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><rect x=\"231.48999999999998\" y=\"174.85999999999999\" width=\"7.6\" height=\"7.6\" fill=\"#2b2e35\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Pro: 0.403 bpb<\/title><\/rect><polygon points=\"210.19,155.02 214.75,163 205.63,163\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Kimi K2: 0.421 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><polygon points=\"227.21,181.46 231.77,173.48000000000002 222.65,173.48000000000002\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Nemotron 3 Ultra: 0.405 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><circle cx=\"50.66\" cy=\"56.4\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e21: 0.517 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"92.34\" cy=\"121.79\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e22: 0.456 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"148.3\" cy=\"176.5\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e23: 0.405 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"197.64\" cy=\"200.56\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e24: 0.383 bpb<\/title><\/circle><g><line x1=\"207.11\" x2=\"138.59\" y1=\"168.3\" y2=\"168.3\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M135.59,165.3 L141.59,171.3 M135.59,171.3 L141.59,165.3\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"235.29\" x2=\"153.43\" y1=\"178.66\" y2=\"178.66\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M150.43,175.66 L156.43,181.66 M150.43,181.66 L156.43,175.66\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"210.19\" x2=\"127.97\" y1=\"159.77\" y2=\"159.77\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M124.97,156.77 L130.97,162.77 M124.97,162.77 L130.97,156.77\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"227.21\" x2=\"150.45\" y1=\"176.71\" y2=\"176.71\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M147.45,173.71 L153.45,179.71 M147.45,179.71 L153.45,173.71\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,15 116,19.5 111.5,24 107,19.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"23\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">26x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"23\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Flash<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><rect x=\"107.9\" y=\"28.9\" width=\"7.2\" height=\"7.2\" fill=\"#2b2e35\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">48x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"36\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Pro<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,41 115.82,48.56 107.18,48.56\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">49x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"49\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Kimi K2<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,63 115.82,55.44 107.18,55.44\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">38x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"62\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Nemotron 3 Ultra<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"relative m-0 w-full min-w-0\"><figcaption class=\"mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"flex min-w-0 items-baseline gap-1.5\"><span class=\"display-settings truncate font-display font-medium tracking-[-0.01em] text-gray-12 text-sm\" title=\"Heldout Math Papers\">Heldout Math Papers<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 self-center\"><button type=\"button\" aria-label=\"What's in this eval\" class=\"flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center rounded-full text-[10px] font-semibold text-gray-9 ring-1 ring-gray-a5 hover:text-gray-12 hover:ring-gray-a8\">i<\/button><\/span><\/figcaption><svg width=\"100%\" viewbox=\"0 0 250 250\" class=\"block\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Heldout Math Papers: bits per byte vs. training compute\" aria-describedby=\"_R_dilcktbsnpfdb_\"><desc id=\"_R_dilcktbsnpfdb_\">Lower bits per byte is better. Training compute is in FLOPs on a logarithmic axis.<!-- --> The curve fits our current recipe; the dashed segment is a projection beyond the largest run.<\/desc><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"226\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.32<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"173\" y2=\"173\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"173\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.37<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"120\" y2=\"120\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.43<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"67\" y2=\"67\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"67\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.48<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"14\" y2=\"14\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"14\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.54<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"41.25\" x2=\"41.25\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"41.25\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">21<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"89.94\" x2=\"89.94\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"89.94\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">22<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"138.63\" x2=\"138.63\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"138.63\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">23<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"187.31\" x2=\"187.31\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"187.31\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">24<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"236\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"236\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">25<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><polyline points=\"36.0,25.7 40.1,34.7 44.3,43.4 48.4,51.7 52.6,59.7 56.7,67.3 60.9,74.6 65.0,81.6 69.2,88.3 73.3,94.8 77.5,100.9 81.6,106.8 85.7,112.5 89.9,117.9 94.0,123.1 98.2,128.1 102.3,132.9 106.5,137.5 110.6,141.8 114.8,146.1 118.9,150.1 123.0,153.9 127.2,157.6 131.3,161.2 135.5,164.6 139.6,167.8 143.8,170.9 147.9,173.9 152.1,176.8 156.2,179.5 160.3,182.1 164.5,184.7 168.6,187.1 172.8,189.4 176.9,191.6 181.1,193.7 185.2,195.8 189.3,197.7 193.5,199.6 197.6,201.3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"197.6,201.3 198.6,201.8 199.6,202.2 200.6,202.6 201.6,203.0 202.6,203.4 203.5,203.8 204.5,204.2 205.5,204.6 206.5,204.9 207.5,205.3 208.5,205.7 209.4,206.1 210.4,206.4 211.4,206.8 212.4,207.1 213.4,207.5 214.4,207.8 215.3,208.2 216.3,208.5 217.3,208.9 218.3,209.2 219.3,209.6 220.3,209.9 221.3,210.2 222.2,210.5 223.2,210.8 224.2,211.2 225.2,211.5 226.2,211.8 227.2,212.1 228.1,212.4 229.1,212.7 230.1,213.0 231.1,213.3 232.1,213.6 233.1,213.9 234.0,214.2 235.0,214.5 236.0,214.8\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/><polygon points=\"207.11,173.49 211.86,178.24 207.11,182.99 202.36,178.24\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Flash: 0.365 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><rect x=\"231.48999999999998\" y=\"184.79\" width=\"7.6\" height=\"7.6\" fill=\"#2b2e35\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Pro: 0.354 bpb<\/title><\/rect><polygon points=\"210.19,171.67 214.75,179.64999999999998 205.63,179.64999999999998\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Kimi K2: 0.367 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><polygon points=\"227.21,187.69 231.77,179.71 222.65,179.71\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Nemotron 3 Ultra: 0.360 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><circle cx=\"50.66\" cy=\"56.4\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e21: 0.492 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"92.34\" cy=\"119.81\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e22: 0.426 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"148.3\" cy=\"175.85\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e23: 0.367 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"197.64\" cy=\"200.56\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e24: 0.342 bpb<\/title><\/circle><g><line x1=\"207.11\" x2=\"154.26\" y1=\"178.24\" y2=\"178.24\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M151.26,175.24 L157.26,181.24 M151.26,181.24 L157.26,175.24\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"235.29\" x2=\"171.34\" y1=\"188.59\" y2=\"188.59\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M168.34,185.59 L174.34,191.59 M168.34,191.59 L174.34,185.59\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"210.19\" x2=\"151.54\" y1=\"176.42\" y2=\"176.42\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M148.54,173.42 L154.54,179.42 M148.54,179.42 L154.54,173.42\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"227.21\" x2=\"161.64\" y1=\"182.94\" y2=\"182.94\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M158.64,179.94 L164.64,185.94 M158.64,185.94 L164.64,179.94\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,15 116,19.5 111.5,24 107,19.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"23\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">12x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"23\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Flash<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><rect x=\"107.9\" y=\"28.9\" width=\"7.2\" height=\"7.2\" fill=\"#2b2e35\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">21x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"36\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Pro<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,41 115.82,48.56 107.18,48.56\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">16x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"49\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Kimi K2<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,63 115.82,55.44 107.18,55.44\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">22x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"62\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Nemotron 3 Ultra<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"relative m-0 w-full min-w-0\"><figcaption class=\"mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-2\"><span class=\"flex min-w-0 items-baseline gap-1.5\"><span class=\"display-settings truncate font-display font-medium tracking-[-0.01em] text-gray-12 text-sm\" title=\"Heldout Physics Papers\">Heldout Physics Papers<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 self-center\"><button type=\"button\" aria-label=\"What's in this eval\" class=\"flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center rounded-full text-[10px] font-semibold text-gray-9 ring-1 ring-gray-a5 hover:text-gray-12 hover:ring-gray-a8\">i<\/button><\/span><\/figcaption><svg width=\"100%\" viewbox=\"0 0 250 250\" class=\"block\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Heldout Physics Papers: bits per byte vs. training compute\" aria-describedby=\"_R_hilcktbsnpfdb_\"><desc id=\"_R_hilcktbsnpfdb_\">Lower bits per byte is better. Training compute is in FLOPs on a logarithmic axis.<!-- --> The curve fits our current recipe; the dashed segment is a projection beyond the largest run.<\/desc><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"226\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.38<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"173\" y2=\"173\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"173\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.43<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"120\" y2=\"120\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.49<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"67\" y2=\"67\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"67\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.54<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"36\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"14\" y2=\"14\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"31\" y=\"14\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">0.60<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"41.25\" x2=\"41.25\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"41.25\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">21<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"89.94\" x2=\"89.94\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"89.94\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">22<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"138.63\" x2=\"138.63\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"138.63\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">23<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"187.31\" x2=\"187.31\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"187.31\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">24<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"236\" x2=\"236\" y1=\"226\" y2=\"229\" class=\"stroke-gray-a5\" stroke-width=\"0.5\"\/><text x=\"236\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-9 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"10\">10<tspan font-size=\"7.5\" dy=\"-4\">25<\/tspan><\/text><\/g><polyline points=\"36.0,25.7 40.1,34.8 44.3,43.5 48.4,51.8 52.6,59.8 56.7,67.4 60.9,74.8 65.0,81.8 69.2,88.5 73.3,94.9 77.5,101.1 81.6,107.0 85.7,112.7 89.9,118.1 94.0,123.3 98.2,128.3 102.3,133.0 106.5,137.6 110.6,142.0 114.8,146.2 118.9,150.2 123.0,154.0 127.2,157.7 131.3,161.2 135.5,164.6 139.6,167.9 143.8,171.0 147.9,173.9 152.1,176.8 156.2,179.5 160.3,182.1 164.5,184.6 168.6,187.0 172.8,189.3 176.9,191.5 181.1,193.6 185.2,195.6 189.3,197.6 193.5,199.4 197.6,201.2\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><polyline points=\"197.6,201.2 198.6,201.6 199.6,202.0 200.6,202.4 201.6,202.8 202.6,203.2 203.5,203.6 204.5,204.0 205.5,204.3 206.5,204.7 207.5,205.1 208.5,205.5 209.4,205.8 210.4,206.2 211.4,206.6 212.4,206.9 213.4,207.3 214.4,207.6 215.3,208.0 216.3,208.3 217.3,208.6 218.3,209.0 219.3,209.3 220.3,209.6 221.3,209.9 222.2,210.3 223.2,210.6 224.2,210.9 225.2,211.2 226.2,211.5 227.2,211.8 228.1,212.1 229.1,212.4 230.1,212.7 231.1,213.0 232.1,213.3 233.1,213.6 234.0,213.9 235.0,214.2 236.0,214.4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/><polygon points=\"207.11,169.56 211.86,174.31 207.11,179.06 202.36,174.31\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Flash: 0.433 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><rect x=\"231.48999999999998\" y=\"180.67999999999998\" width=\"7.6\" height=\"7.6\" fill=\"#2b2e35\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>DeepSeek V4 Pro: 0.422 bpb<\/title><\/rect><polygon points=\"210.19,162.46 214.75,170.44 205.63,170.44\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Kimi K2: 0.440 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><polygon points=\"227.21,186.66 231.77,178.68 222.65,178.68\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>Nemotron 3 Ultra: 0.425 bpb<\/title><\/polygon><circle cx=\"50.66\" cy=\"56.4\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e21: 0.552 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"92.34\" cy=\"120.24\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e22: 0.487 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"148.3\" cy=\"175.5\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e23: 0.431 bpb<\/title><\/circle><circle cx=\"197.64\" cy=\"200.56\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"white\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"><title>V5 e24: 0.406 bpb<\/title><\/circle><g><line x1=\"207.11\" x2=\"148.45\" y1=\"174.31\" y2=\"174.31\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M145.45,171.31 L151.45,177.31 M145.45,177.31 L151.45,171.31\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"235.29\" x2=\"164.25\" y1=\"184.48\" y2=\"184.48\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M161.25,181.48 L167.25,187.48 M161.25,187.48 L167.25,181.48\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"210.19\" x2=\"138.77\" y1=\"167.21\" y2=\"167.21\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M135.77,164.21 L141.77,170.21 M135.77,170.21 L141.77,164.21\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"227.21\" x2=\"160.01\" y1=\"181.91\" y2=\"181.91\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M157.01,178.91 L163.01,184.91 M157.01,184.91 L163.01,178.91\" class=\"stroke-gray-10\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,15 116,19.5 111.5,24 107,19.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#b4b8c0\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"23\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">16x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"23\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Flash<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><rect x=\"107.9\" y=\"28.9\" width=\"7.2\" height=\"7.2\" fill=\"#2b2e35\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">29x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"36\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">DSv4 Pro<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,41 115.82,48.56 107.18,48.56\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#5c6270\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">29x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"49\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Kimi K2<\/text><\/g><g font-size=\"10\"><polygon points=\"111.5,63 115.82,55.44 107.18,55.44\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" fill=\"#8a8f9a\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-weight=\"600\">24x<\/text><text x=\"157\" y=\"62\" class=\"fill-gray-10\">Nemotron 3 Ultra<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>6\u00b7N\u00b7D training FLOPs<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"rsi-figcaption mt-4 [&amp;_.mdx-p]:m-0 [&amp;_.mdx-p]:inline [&amp;_.mdx-p]:text-sm [&amp;_.mdx-p]:leading-snug [&amp;_.mdx-p]:text-gray-11\"><span>Figure <!-- -->2<!-- -->: <!-- -->Effective-compute per research area<!-- -->.<\/span>\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">By collecting granular buckets of content (e.g. documentation of a particular software tool or key papers in alignment research) we can get even more precise signals. Unlike for our generalization eval, we don\u2019t want to fully remove much of this information (e.g. key papers in a field) from the pretraining corpus, but we still need to avoid rewarding sequence memorization<sup><a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"#user-content-fn-memorization\" id=\"user-content-fnref-memorization\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">4<\/a><\/sup>. To do this, we reworded\/summarized these documents using a third-party frontier LLM. To avoid overfitting to granular evals, we created and evaluated them once per model generation; the ones below were made last week.<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">Magic\u2019s goal is to build the best model for coding and autonomous AI R&amp;D. To intentionally balance data mixing trade-offs, we also evaluate domains we deprioritize (e.g. facts about notable people, local news, or sports\/events).<\/p>\n<figure class=\"my-10\">\n<div class=\"w-full\">\n<div class=\"mb-3 flex items-center justify-center gap-2 text-sm text-gray-12\"><span class=\"shrink-0 font-medium\">Our recipe vs.<\/span><button type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Baseline model\" disabled=\"\" class=\"inline-flex h-9 w-[400px] max-w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-gray-a5 bg-transparent px-2.5 py-1.5 text-left outline-none transition-colors hover:border-gray-a8 focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-gray-8 focus-visible:ring-offset-2 font-body text-[14px] font-medium leading-5 tracking-[-0.01em] text-gray-12\"><span class=\"min-w-0 flex-1\">Best open model per eval<\/span><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" stroke=\"currentColor\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"0\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"ml-auto h-3.5 w-3.5 shrink-0 text-gray-11\" height=\"1em\" width=\"1em\"><path fill=\"none\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"48\" d=\"m112 184 144 144 144-144\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<p>effective-compute multiplier vs.<!-- --> <!-- -->best open model per eval<\/p>\n<p><svg width=\"320\" height=\"820\" class=\"block overflow-visible\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Effective-compute multiplier across domains: effective-compute multipliers vs. Best open model per eval\" aria-describedby=\"_R_rcktbsnpfdb_\"><desc id=\"_R_rcktbsnpfdb_\">Eval multipliers are ranked within each panel on a logarithmic axis. Values above 1 favor our current recipe; values below 1 favor the baseline.<\/desc><g><g><line x1=\"44\" x2=\"312\" y1=\"277.94\" y2=\"277.94\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"36\" y=\"277.94\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"9\">0.01x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"44\" x2=\"312\" y1=\"228.8\" y2=\"228.8\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"36\" y=\"228.8\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"9\">0.1x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"44\" x2=\"312\" y1=\"179.66\" y2=\"179.66\" class=\"stroke-gray-12\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><text x=\"36\" y=\"179.66\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"9\">1x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"44\" x2=\"312\" y1=\"130.52\" y2=\"130.52\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"36\" y=\"130.52\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"9\">10x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"44\" x2=\"312\" y1=\"81.38\" y2=\"81.38\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"36\" y=\"81.38\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"9\">100x<\/text><\/g><text x=\"178\" y=\"16\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"display-settings fill-gray-12 font-display font-medium tracking-[-0.01em]\" font-size=\"12\">SWE &amp; AI R&amp;D<\/text><g><rect x=\"132.7\" y=\"376\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\"\/><text x=\"144.7\" y=\"380\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-11\" font-size=\"10\">SWE<\/text><\/g><g><rect x=\"178.9\" y=\"376\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\"\/><text x=\"190.9\" y=\"380\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-11\" font-size=\"10\">AI R&amp;D<\/text><\/g><g><rect x=\"44.34\" y=\"137.54\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"42.12\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"44\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"46.69\" y=\"128.96\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"50.7\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"46.35\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"49.04\" y=\"124.42\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"55.24\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"48.7\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"51.38\" y=\"122.1\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"57.56\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"51.05\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"53.73\" y=\"121.89\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"57.77\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"53.4\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"56.09\" y=\"121.77\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"57.89\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"55.75\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"58.44\" y=\"121.61\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"58.05\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"58.11\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"60.79\" y=\"121.47\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"58.19\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"60.46\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"63.13\" y=\"120.29\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"59.37\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"62.81\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"65.48\" y=\"118.48\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"61.18\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"65.16\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"67.84\" y=\"116.1\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"63.56\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"67.51\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"70.2\" y=\"115.39\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"64.27\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"69.86\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"72.55\" y=\"114.72\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"64.94\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"72.21\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"74.89\" y=\"114.39\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"65.27\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"74.56\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"77.25\" y=\"113.97\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"65.69\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"76.91\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"79.59\" y=\"113.08\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"66.58\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"79.26\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"81.95\" y=\"112.73\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"66.93\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"81.61\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"84.3\" y=\"112.13\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"67.53\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"83.96\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"86.64\" y=\"111.94\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"67.72\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"86.32\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"89\" y=\"111.87\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"67.79\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"88.67\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"91.34\" y=\"111.54\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"68.12\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"91.02\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"93.7\" y=\"111.46\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"68.2\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"93.37\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"96.05\" y=\"111.15\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"68.51\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"95.72\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"98.41\" y=\"111.01\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"68.65\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"98.07\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"100.75\" y=\"110.71\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"68.95\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"100.42\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"103.11\" y=\"110.68\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"68.98\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"102.77\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"105.45\" y=\"110.01\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"69.65\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"105.12\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"107.81\" y=\"109.79\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"69.87\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"107.47\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"110.16\" y=\"109.78\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"69.88\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"109.82\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"112.5\" y=\"109.47\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"70.19\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"112.18\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"114.86\" y=\"108.91\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"70.75\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"114.53\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"117.2\" y=\"108.68\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"70.98\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"116.88\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"119.56\" y=\"108.66\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"71\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"119.23\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"121.91\" y=\"108.48\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"71.18\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"121.58\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"124.27\" y=\"108.45\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"71.21\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"123.93\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"126.61\" y=\"108.42\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"71.24\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"126.28\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"128.97\" y=\"108.37\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"71.29\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"128.63\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"131.31\" y=\"108.3\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"71.36\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"130.98\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"133.66\" y=\"108.12\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"71.54\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"133.33\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"136.02\" y=\"107.58\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"72.08\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"135.68\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"138.37\" y=\"107.44\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"72.22\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"138.04\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"140.72\" y=\"107.11\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"72.55\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"140.39\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"143.06\" y=\"106.84\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"72.82\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"142.74\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"145.41\" y=\"106.71\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"72.95\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"145.09\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"147.77\" y=\"106.63\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"73.03\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"147.44\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"150.12\" y=\"106.6\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"73.06\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"149.79\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"152.47\" y=\"106.53\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"73.13\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"152.14\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"154.82\" y=\"106.49\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"73.17\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"154.49\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"157.18\" y=\"106.46\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"73.2\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"156.84\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"159.53\" y=\"106.09\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"73.57\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"159.19\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"161.88\" y=\"105.85\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"73.81\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"161.54\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"164.22\" y=\"105.62\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"74.04\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"163.89\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"166.57\" y=\"105.24\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"74.42\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"166.25\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"168.93\" y=\"105.13\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"74.53\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"168.6\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"171.28\" y=\"104.99\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"74.67\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"170.95\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"173.63\" y=\"104.98\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"74.68\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"173.3\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"175.97\" y=\"104.78\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"74.88\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"175.65\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"178.34\" y=\"104.49\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"75.17\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"178\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"180.69\" y=\"104.33\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"75.33\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"180.35\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"183.03\" y=\"103.95\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"75.71\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"182.7\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"185.38\" y=\"103.81\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"75.85\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"185.05\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"187.74\" y=\"103.31\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"76.35\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"187.4\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"190.09\" y=\"103.18\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"76.48\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"189.75\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"192.44\" y=\"103.16\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"76.5\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"192.11\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"194.78\" y=\"103.13\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"76.53\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"194.46\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"197.13\" y=\"102.81\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"76.85\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"196.81\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"199.49\" y=\"102.71\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"76.95\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"199.16\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"201.84\" y=\"102.69\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"76.97\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"201.51\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"204.19\" y=\"102.67\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"76.99\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"203.86\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"206.54\" y=\"102.66\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"77\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"206.21\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"208.9\" y=\"102.07\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"77.59\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"208.56\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"211.25\" y=\"101.97\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"77.69\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"210.91\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"213.59\" y=\"101.92\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"77.74\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"213.26\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"215.94\" y=\"101.92\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"77.74\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"215.61\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"218.29\" y=\"101.82\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"77.84\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"217.96\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"220.65\" y=\"101.56\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"78.1\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"220.32\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"223\" y=\"101.36\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"78.3\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"222.67\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"225.34\" y=\"101.13\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"78.53\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"225.02\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"227.69\" y=\"100.96\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"78.7\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"227.37\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"230.04\" y=\"99.75\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"79.91\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"229.72\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"232.41\" y=\"99.63\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"80.03\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"232.07\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"234.75\" y=\"99.45\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"80.21\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"234.42\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"237.1\" y=\"99.04\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"80.62\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"236.77\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"239.46\" y=\"98.92\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"80.74\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"239.12\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"241.81\" y=\"98.86\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"80.8\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"241.47\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"244.16\" y=\"97.82\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"81.84\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"243.82\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"246.5\" y=\"97.74\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"81.92\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"246.18\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"248.85\" y=\"97.65\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"82.01\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"248.53\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"251.21\" y=\"97.17\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"82.49\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"250.88\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"253.56\" y=\"97.16\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"82.5\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"253.23\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"255.91\" y=\"97.03\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"82.63\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"255.58\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"258.26\" y=\"97\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"82.66\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"257.93\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"260.61\" y=\"96.37\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"83.29\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"260.28\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"262.96\" y=\"96.01\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"83.65\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"262.63\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"265.31\" y=\"95.93\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"83.73\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"264.98\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"267.66\" y=\"95.14\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"84.52\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"267.33\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"270.01\" y=\"94.97\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"84.69\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"269.68\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"272.36\" y=\"94.76\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"84.9\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"272.04\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"274.71\" y=\"94.75\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"84.91\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"274.39\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"277.06\" y=\"94.36\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"85.3\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"276.74\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"279.41\" y=\"93.69\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"85.97\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"279.09\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"281.76\" y=\"93.11\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"86.55\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"281.44\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"284.11\" y=\"92.9\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"86.76\" fill=\"#1f5f8b\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"283.79\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"286.47\" y=\"92.88\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"86.78\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"286.14\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"288.82\" y=\"92.29\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"87.37\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"288.49\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"291.17\" y=\"92.15\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"87.51\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"290.84\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"293.52\" y=\"92.03\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"87.63\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"293.19\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"295.88\" y=\"91.5\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"88.16\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"295.54\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"298.22\" y=\"88.9\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"90.76\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"297.89\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"300.57\" y=\"87.7\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"91.96\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"300.25\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"302.92\" y=\"81.86\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"97.8\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"302.6\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"305.27\" y=\"80.4\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"99.26\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"304.95\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"307.63\" y=\"79.31\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"100.35\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"307.3\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"309.97\" y=\"76.98\" width=\"1.69\" height=\"102.68\" fill=\"#0e9f9c\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"309.65\" y=\"74\" width=\"2.35\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><\/g><g><g><line x1=\"44\" x2=\"312\" y1=\"687.94\" y2=\"687.94\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"36\" y=\"687.94\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"9\">0.01x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"44\" x2=\"312\" y1=\"638.8\" y2=\"638.8\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"36\" y=\"638.8\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"9\">0.1x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"44\" x2=\"312\" y1=\"589.66\" y2=\"589.66\" class=\"stroke-gray-12\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><text x=\"36\" y=\"589.66\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"9\">1x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"44\" x2=\"312\" y1=\"540.52\" y2=\"540.52\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"36\" y=\"540.52\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"9\">10x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"44\" x2=\"312\" y1=\"491.38\" y2=\"491.38\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"36\" y=\"491.38\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"9\">100x<\/text><\/g><text x=\"178\" y=\"426\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"display-settings fill-gray-12 font-display font-medium tracking-[-0.01em]\" font-size=\"12\">Local news, world knowledge &amp; law<\/text><g><rect x=\"66.4\" y=\"786\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#d4873a\"\/><text x=\"78.4\" y=\"790\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-11\" font-size=\"10\">Local news<\/text><\/g><g><rect x=\"150.4\" y=\"786\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#476fb5\"\/><text x=\"162.4\" y=\"790\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-11\" font-size=\"10\">World knowledge<\/text><\/g><g><rect x=\"261.4\" y=\"786\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#b5352a\"\/><text x=\"273.4\" y=\"790\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-11\" font-size=\"10\">Law<\/text><\/g><g><rect x=\"44.71\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"128.74\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"44\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"49.76\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"91.72\" fill=\"#476fb5\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"49.06\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"54.82\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"87.47\" fill=\"#476fb5\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"54.11\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"59.88\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"69.68\" fill=\"#476fb5\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"59.17\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"64.93\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"68.81\" fill=\"#476fb5\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"64.23\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"69.99\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"57.03\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"69.28\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"75.05\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"49.71\" fill=\"#476fb5\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"74.34\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"80.1\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"34.22\" fill=\"#476fb5\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"79.4\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"85.16\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"29.53\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"84.45\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"90.22\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"27.16\" fill=\"#476fb5\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"89.51\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"95.27\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"26.69\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"94.57\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"100.33\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"14.87\" fill=\"#476fb5\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"99.62\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"105.39\" y=\"589.66\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"8.36\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"104.68\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"110.44\" y=\"587.39\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"2.27\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"109.74\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"115.5\" y=\"581.55\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"8.11\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"114.79\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"120.56\" y=\"579.16\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"119.85\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"125.61\" y=\"577.31\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"12.35\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"124.91\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"130.67\" y=\"577.24\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"12.42\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"129.96\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"135.73\" y=\"574.17\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"15.49\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"135.02\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"140.78\" y=\"573.62\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"16.04\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"140.08\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"145.84\" y=\"571.32\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"18.34\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"145.13\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"150.9\" y=\"565.34\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"24.32\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"150.19\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"155.95\" y=\"564.5\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"25.16\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"155.25\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"161.01\" y=\"562.39\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"27.27\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"160.3\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"166.07\" y=\"559.92\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"29.74\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"165.36\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"171.12\" y=\"558.87\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"30.79\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"170.42\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"176.18\" y=\"556.22\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"33.44\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"175.47\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"181.24\" y=\"555.95\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"33.71\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"180.53\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"186.29\" y=\"555.71\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"33.95\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"185.58\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"191.35\" y=\"554.68\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"34.98\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"190.64\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"196.41\" y=\"554.09\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"35.57\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"195.7\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"201.46\" y=\"553.57\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"36.09\" fill=\"#d4873a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"200.75\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"206.52\" y=\"552.97\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"36.69\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"205.81\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"211.58\" y=\"552.85\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"36.81\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"210.87\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"216.63\" y=\"551.55\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"38.11\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"215.92\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"221.69\" y=\"551.42\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"38.24\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"220.98\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"226.75\" y=\"551.3\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"38.36\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"226.04\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"231.8\" y=\"550.28\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"39.38\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"231.09\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"236.86\" y=\"547.78\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"41.88\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"236.15\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"241.92\" y=\"547\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"42.66\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"241.21\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"246.97\" y=\"546.65\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"43.01\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"246.26\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"252.03\" y=\"546.39\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"43.27\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"251.32\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"257.09\" y=\"543.55\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"46.11\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"256.38\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"262.14\" y=\"542.96\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"46.7\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"261.43\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"267.2\" y=\"542.65\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"47.01\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"266.49\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"272.26\" y=\"542.11\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"47.55\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"271.55\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"277.31\" y=\"535.17\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"54.49\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"276.6\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"282.37\" y=\"532.58\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"57.08\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"281.66\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"287.43\" y=\"532.09\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"57.57\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"286.72\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"292.48\" y=\"523.83\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"65.83\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"291.77\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"297.54\" y=\"521.58\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"68.08\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"296.83\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"302.6\" y=\"516.71\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"72.95\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"301.89\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><g><rect x=\"307.65\" y=\"513.1\" width=\"3.64\" height=\"76.56\" fill=\"#b5352a\" class=\"pointer-events-none\"\/><rect x=\"306.94\" y=\"484\" width=\"5.06\" height=\"240\" fill=\"transparent\" class=\"cursor-pointer\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"rsi-figcaption mt-4 [&amp;_.mdx-p]:m-0 [&amp;_.mdx-p]:inline [&amp;_.mdx-p]:text-sm [&amp;_.mdx-p]:leading-snug [&amp;_.mdx-p]:text-gray-11\"><span>Figure <!-- -->3<!-- -->: <!-- -->Effective-compute multiplier across domains<!-- -->.<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">We fit scaling laws on eval sets across 167 domains and show compute efficiency gains per dataset.<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"mdx-h2\">No shortcuts<\/h2>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">In late 2024, we trained a <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/magic.dev\/blog\/100m-token-context-windows\">small dense model<\/a> with an architecture designed for very long context windows. Our initial pretraining scale-ups kept blowing up in a wide variety of ways. We learned quickly that we had to build a stable foundation first. Smooth convergence, low-precision training quality equivalent to FP32, fast and stable infra, correct hyperparameter scaling rules. And most importantly: hunt the bugs.<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">Once we had that in place, we needed to find enough compute efficiency improvements to close the gap to the frontier with less compute. We had a few big bets to start with, but our progress ended up being the multiplicative result of tens of changes across model architecture, optimizer, training objective, and data curation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\"><a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/kellerjordan\/modded-nanogpt\">NanoGPT speedruns<\/a> provide a fast feedback cycle to evaluate new ideas, but we found that many things that improve tiny models don\u2019t improve big models. Similarly, we found that some features present in most LLMs can be <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/grugbrain.dev\/\">deleted<\/a> without harming large scale performance.<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">To evaluate each model, optimizer, or data change, we train 3 models spanning 2 orders of magnitude of compute. We consider a change worth keeping if its power law fit suggests it will help at scale. Every few weeks, we scaled up to 1\/10th of our hero scale and every few months we ran a full-scale hero run (V3, V4, V5 in Figure 4).<\/p>\n<figure class=\"my-10\">\n<div class=\"relative w-full\"><svg width=\"320\" height=\"216\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 216\" class=\"mx-auto block\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Acceleration of our pretraining research progress: V2 (Late '24) 1.0x, V3 (Early '26) 1.9x, V4 (July '26) 21x, V5 (Sep '26) 505x\"><desc>Compute efficiency relative to V2, with competitor reference lines.<\/desc><g><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"304\" y1=\"143.89\" y2=\"143.89\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"58\" y=\"143.89\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"10\">1x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"304\" y1=\"100.12\" y2=\"100.12\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"58\" y=\"100.12\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"10\">10x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"304\" y1=\"56.34\" y2=\"56.34\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"58\" y=\"56.34\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"10\">100x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"304\" y1=\"12.57\" y2=\"12.57\" class=\"stroke-gray-a3\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"58\" y=\"12.57\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"font-monospace tabular-nums fill-gray-10\" font-size=\"10\">1000x<\/text><\/g><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"304\" y1=\"160\" y2=\"160\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g><line x1=\"84\" x2=\"84\" y1=\"160\" y2=\"165\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"84\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"10\">V2<\/text><text x=\"84\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace uppercase tracking-[0.12em]\" font-size=\"7.5\">Late &#8217;24<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"204\" x2=\"204\" y1=\"160\" y2=\"165\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"204\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"10\">V3<\/text><text x=\"210\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace uppercase tracking-[0.12em]\" font-size=\"7.5\">Early &#8217;26<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"254\" x2=\"254\" y1=\"160\" y2=\"165\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"254\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"10\">V4<\/text><text x=\"260\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace uppercase tracking-[0.12em]\" font-size=\"7.5\">July &#8217;26<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"284\" x2=\"284\" y1=\"160\" y2=\"165\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"284\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"10\">V5<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"start\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace uppercase tracking-[0.12em]\" font-size=\"7.5\">Sep &#8217;26<\/text><\/g><text x=\"10\" y=\"86\" transform=\"rotate(-90 10 86)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace uppercase tracking-[0.16em]\" font-size=\"10\">Compute efficiency<\/text><text x=\"23\" y=\"86\" transform=\"rotate(-90 23 86)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace uppercase tracking-[0.16em]\" font-size=\"10\">vs. our V2<\/text><g><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"304\" y1=\"83.77\" y2=\"83.77\" class=\"stroke-gray-a6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"68\" y=\"79.77\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">Nemotron 3 \u00b7 24x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"304\" y1=\"100.02\" y2=\"100.02\" class=\"stroke-gray-a6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"68\" y=\"96.02\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">Kimi K2 \u00b7 10x<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"64\" x2=\"304\" y1=\"111.04\" y2=\"111.04\" class=\"stroke-gray-a6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"68\" y=\"107.04\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">DSv4 Pro \u00b7 5.6x<\/text><\/g><polygon points=\"84,160 84,143.89 204,131.88 254,86.33 284,25.57 284,160\" fill=\"#14adc0\" fill-opacity=\"0.08\" stroke=\"none\"\/><polyline points=\"84,143.89 204,131.88 254,86.33 284,25.57\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"142.01\" y=\"117.99\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"10\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">x1.9<\/text><text x=\"215.53\" y=\"94.32\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"10\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">x11<\/text><text x=\"251.07\" y=\"47.1\" text-anchor=\"middle\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"10\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">x24<\/text><text x=\"274\" y=\"23.57\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"10\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">505x vs V2<\/text><circle cx=\"84\" cy=\"143.89\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/><circle cx=\"204\" cy=\"131.88\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/><circle cx=\"254\" cy=\"86.33\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/><circle cx=\"284\" cy=\"25.57\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"rsi-figcaption mt-4 [&amp;_.mdx-p]:m-0 [&amp;_.mdx-p]:inline [&amp;_.mdx-p]:text-sm [&amp;_.mdx-p]:leading-snug [&amp;_.mdx-p]:text-gray-11\"><span>Figure <!-- -->4<!-- -->: <!-- -->Acceleration of our pretraining research progress<!-- -->.<\/span>\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">To sanity check how pretraining loss translates to post-RL performance, we ran a short math RL run with a 16k CoT budget (Figure 5). All of our RL starts directly from the base model without SFT or distillation.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"my-10\">\n<div class=\"relative w-full\"><svg width=\"320\" height=\"364\" viewbox=\"0 0 320 364\" class=\"mx-auto block\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Pass@1 on heldout competition math problems during low-compute RL: V5 (e24) 72%, V5 (e23) 31%\"><desc>Math pass rate over RL training compute, with competitor reference lines.<\/desc><g><line x1=\"48\" x2=\"52\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"312\" class=\"stroke-gray-a6\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"312\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"9\">0%<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"48\" x2=\"52\" y1=\"237\" y2=\"237\" class=\"stroke-gray-a6\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"237\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"9\">25%<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"48\" x2=\"52\" y1=\"162\" y2=\"162\" class=\"stroke-gray-a6\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"9\">50%<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"48\" x2=\"52\" y1=\"87\" y2=\"87\" class=\"stroke-gray-a6\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"87\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"9\">75%<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"48\" x2=\"52\" y1=\"12\" y2=\"12\" class=\"stroke-gray-a6\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"12\" text-anchor=\"end\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"9\">100%<\/text><\/g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"312\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"56.15\" x2=\"56.15\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"63.16\" x2=\"63.16\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"68.6\" x2=\"68.6\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"73.05\" x2=\"73.05\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"76.8\" x2=\"76.8\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"80.06\" x2=\"80.06\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"82.93\" x2=\"82.93\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"102.39\" x2=\"102.39\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"112.28\" x2=\"112.28\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"119.29\" x2=\"119.29\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"124.73\" x2=\"124.73\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"129.17\" x2=\"129.17\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"132.93\" x2=\"132.93\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"136.18\" x2=\"136.18\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"139.05\" x2=\"139.05\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"158.52\" x2=\"158.52\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"168.4\" x2=\"168.4\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"175.41\" x2=\"175.41\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"180.85\" x2=\"180.85\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"185.3\" x2=\"185.3\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"189.05\" x2=\"189.05\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"192.31\" x2=\"192.31\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"195.18\" x2=\"195.18\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"214.64\" x2=\"214.64\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"224.53\" x2=\"224.53\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"231.54\" x2=\"231.54\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"236.98\" x2=\"236.98\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"241.42\" x2=\"241.42\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"245.18\" x2=\"245.18\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"248.44\" x2=\"248.44\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"251.31\" x2=\"251.31\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"270.77\" x2=\"270.77\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"280.65\" x2=\"280.65\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"287.67\" x2=\"287.67\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"293.1\" x2=\"293.1\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"297.55\" x2=\"297.55\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"301.31\" x2=\"301.31\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"304.56\" x2=\"304.56\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"307.43\" x2=\"307.43\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"112.28\" x2=\"112.28\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"129.17\" x2=\"129.17\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"168.4\" x2=\"168.4\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"185.3\" x2=\"185.3\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"189.05\" x2=\"189.05\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"315\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g><line x1=\"85.5\" x2=\"85.5\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"317\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"85.5\" y=\"328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"9\">0.01%<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"141.62\" x2=\"141.62\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"317\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"141.62\" y=\"328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"9\">0.1%<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"197.75\" x2=\"197.75\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"317\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"197.75\" y=\"328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"9\">1%<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"253.87\" x2=\"253.87\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"317\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"253.87\" y=\"328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"9\">10%<\/text><\/g><g><line x1=\"310\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"312\" y2=\"317\" class=\"stroke-gray-a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"310\" y=\"328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-10 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"9\">100%<\/text><\/g><text x=\"52\" y=\"346\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace uppercase tracking-[0.16em]\" font-size=\"9\"><tspan x=\"52\">RL compute (as % of the model&#8217;s<\/tspan><tspan x=\"52\" dy=\"13\">own pretraining FLOPs)<\/tspan><\/text><text x=\"12\" y=\"162\" transform=\"rotate(-90 12 162)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-monospace uppercase tracking-[0.16em]\" font-size=\"9\">Pass rate<\/text><rect x=\"52\" y=\"12\" width=\"258\" height=\"300\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"12\" y2=\"12\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"12\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">GPT-6 Astra<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->100%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"3.75\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"18.75\" y2=\"18.75\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"18.5\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">Claude 5.1<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->98%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"10.25\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"47.25\" y2=\"47.25\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"43.25\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">Muse Spark 1.3<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->88%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"35\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"62.25\" y2=\"62.25\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"58.25\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">Gemini 3.8<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->83%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"50\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"87.75\" y2=\"87.75\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"83.75\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">Kimi K3<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->75%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"75.5\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"99\" y2=\"99\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"95\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">Grok 4.6<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->71%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"86.75\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"117\" y2=\"117\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"113\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">DSv4 Pro<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->65%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"104.75\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"162\" y2=\"162\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"158\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">Inkling<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->50%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"149.75\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"177.75\" y2=\"177.75\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"173.75\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">Qwen 3.8<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->45%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"165.5\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"177.75\" y2=\"177.75\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"184.25\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">GLM-5.3<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->45%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"176\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"231\" y2=\"231\" stroke=\"#9a9ea6\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><text x=\"308\" y=\"227\" dominant-baseline=\"auto\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-11 font-monospace tabular-nums\" font-size=\"7.5\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"3\">Nemotron 3<!-- --> \u00b7<!-- --> <!-- -->27%<\/text><rect x=\"193.9\" y=\"218.75\" width=\"116.10000000000001\" height=\"10.5\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><polyline points=\"52,312 56.04,311.82 64.78,311.82 138.96,173.61 149.58,165.93 157.12,134.07 162.88,125.43 167.41,121.32 171.24,114.57 174.8,103.32 178.33,96.75\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14adc0\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"178.33\" cy=\"96.75\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#14adc0\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><text x=\"168.33\" y=\"96.75\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"11\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"4\">V5 (e24) \u00b7 72%<\/text><rect x=\"66.85000000000001\" y=\"90.75\" width=\"107.48\" height=\"12\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><g><polyline points=\"113.64,312 120.89,312 124.99,311.07 172.71,263.25 182.92,255 189.9,251.07 195.57,247.68 200.03,249.57 203.84,237.93 206.95,229.32 209.95,227.07 212.56,227.25 214.93,223.32 216.99,226.11 218.94,224.82 220.78,224.07 222.46,223.86 224.44,219.93\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#82c6d1\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"224.44\" cy=\"219.93\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#82c6d1\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><text x=\"214.44\" y=\"219.93\" dominant-baseline=\"middle\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"fill-gray-12 font-semibold\" font-size=\"11\" paint-order=\"stroke\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"4\">V5 (e23) \u00b7 31%<\/text><rect x=\"112.96\" y=\"213.93\" width=\"107.48\" height=\"12\" fill=\"transparent\"\/><\/g><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"12\" y2=\"12\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"18.75\" y2=\"18.75\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"47.25\" y2=\"47.25\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"62.25\" y2=\"62.25\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"87.75\" y2=\"87.75\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"99\" y2=\"99\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"117\" y2=\"117\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"162\" y2=\"162\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"177.75\" y2=\"177.75\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"177.75\" y2=\"177.75\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><line x1=\"52\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"231\" y2=\"231\" stroke=\"transparent\" stroke-width=\"9\"\/><\/svg><\/div><figcaption class=\"rsi-figcaption mt-4 [&amp;_.mdx-p]:m-0 [&amp;_.mdx-p]:inline [&amp;_.mdx-p]:text-sm [&amp;_.mdx-p]:leading-snug [&amp;_.mdx-p]:text-gray-11\"><span>Figure <!-- -->5<!-- -->: <!-- -->Pass@1 on heldout competition math problems during low-compute RL<!-- -->.<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\"><sup><a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"#user-content-fn-aime\" id=\"user-content-fnref-aime\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">5<\/a><\/sup> FLOPs are 6\u00b7N\u00b7D, as in Figure 1.<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"mdx-h2\">What\u2019s next<\/h2>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">Our pretraining and long-context work is now quite mature. We\u2019ll now scale long-horizon RL, training agents to keep learning after deployment through long-context. We\u2019re also putting significant work towards alignment training techniques that present robust theoretical properties. And last but not least, we look forward to releasing the thing!<\/p>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">Concrete problems we\u2019re tackling include:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"mdx-ul\">\n<li class=\"mdx-li\">Exploration and credit assignment in long-horizon RL (and systems work to scale up).<\/li>\n<li class=\"mdx-li\">Alignment training against narrowly <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WwsnJQstPq91_Yh-Ch2XRL8H_EpsnjrC1dwZXR37PC8\/edit?tab=t.0\">elicited latent knowledge<\/a>.<sup><a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"#user-content-fn-agi\" id=\"user-content-fnref-agi\" data-footnote-ref=\"true\" aria-describedby=\"footnote-label\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li class=\"mdx-li\">Further improvements to pretraining.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"mdx-p\">We are likely the smallest team in the world training trillion parameter models. The impact a single person with strong judgement can have has never been higher. If you want to help build aligned superintelligence, <a class=\"mdx-a\" href=\"https:\/\/magic.dev\/careers\">consider joining<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/magic.dev\/blog\/pretraining?utm_source=tldrai\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research update on compute-efficient pretraining and scaling to trillion-parameter models. Frontier pretraining is said to be a big-lab-only game. We don\u2019t have 100k chips yet, so there\u2019s only one way: algorithmic efficiency. After compounding for \u2026 a while \u2026, our pretraining recipe is now &gt;10x more compute-efficient than that of leading open-weight base models. We [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":23882,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[143],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ai"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23881","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23881"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23881\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23882"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23881"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23881"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scannn.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23881"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}